Abstract
Introduction: Pregnancy is a vulnerable period in a woman’s life and may be adversely affected by psychological factors influencing both the mother and fetus. The COVID-19 pandemic increased stress, anxiety, and depression among pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate pregnant women’s perceived levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, and their related experiences, during the COVID-19 pandemic using a mixed-methods design.
Methods: This study was conducted using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design consisting of quantitative (n=258) and qualitative (n=17) phases, between January 2021 and January 2022. Data were collected using an introductory characteristics questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Perceived Stress Scale. In the qualitative phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with participants to explain the quantitative findings. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0, applying descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation test. Qualitative data were examined through six-step thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke (2006).
Results: The mean depression score was 10.60±6.35, the mean anxiety score was 11.37±8.37, and the mean perceived stress score was 15.92±5.67. Depression scores were positively correlated with anxiety (r=0.67, P<0.01) and perceived stress (r=0.60, P<0.01). Anxiety and perceived stress scores were also positively correlated (r=0.64, P<0.01). Qualitative findings revealed four themes: mental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, attitudes toward healthcare services, experiences during pregnancy, and expectations during the pandemic.
Conclusion: Nurses play an important role in preventing stress, anxiety, and depression among pregnant women. Evidence-based support and education should be provided to pregnant women and their families during public health crises.